Overcoming resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
Xiaodong Wang; Jing He; Gouping Ding; Yixuan Tang; Qianqian Wang · 2025 · Frontiers in Immunology
WASTE classifies this as Negative / Null Result Report · AI classification, approximate
The study found no significant effect — useful as a negative control or null benchmark for your own design.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 have achieved groundbreaking clinical success in multiple cancers; however, a large proportion of patients experience primary or acquired resistance. This review synthesizes the complex mechanisms underlying resistance to PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade and surveys emerging strategies to overcome them. Resistance arises from multifaceted interactions among tumor-intrinsic alterations (e.g., epigenetic silencing of antigen presentation machinery via EZH2/PRC2, oncogenic pathway-driven upregulation of PD-L1, genetic loss of IFNγ pathway componen
Abstract by Xiaodong Wang; Jing He; Gouping Ding; Yixuan Tang; Qianqian Wang, Frontiers in Immunology (2025) — licensed CC BY 4.0.
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Metadata source: OpenAlex · DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1688699