Representativeness and response validity across nine opt-in online samples
Michael Nicholas Stagnaro; James N. Druckman; Adam J. Berinsky; Antonio A. Arechar; Robb Willer; David Gertler Rand · 2026 · PubMed Central
WASTE classifies this as Negative / Null Result Report · AI classification, approximate
The study found no significant effect — useful as a negative control or null benchmark for your own design.
Abstract (excerpt)
The study of human behaviour has shifted in the past 15 years. It increasingly relies on opt-in non-probability online data sources. Here we offer an analysis of nine such sources (N = 13,053), aiming to inform researchers conducting…
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Metadata source: OpenAlex · DOI 10.1038/s41562-026-02438-z